Descartes Myth-Gilbert Ryle - 1044 Words

Gilbert RyleÂ’s The Concept of Mind Gilbert Ryle (1900-76) was a philosopher who taught at Oxford and who made important contributions to the philosophy of mind and to ordinary language philosophy. His most important writings included Philosophical Arguments (1945), The Concept of Mind (1949), Dilemmas (1954), Plato s Progress (1966), and On Thinking (1979). The Concept of Mind (1949) is a critique of the notion that the mind is distinct from the body, and it is a rejection of the theory that mental states are separable from physical states. According to Ryle, the classical theory of mind, as represented by Cartesian rationalism, asserts that there is a basic distinction between mind and matter. However, the classical theory makes a†¦show more content†¦Thus, the mind consists of various abilities or dispositions that explain such behaviors as learning, remembering, knowing, feeling, or willing. However, personal abilities or dispositions are not the same as mental processes or events. To refer to abilities or dispositions as if they are mental occurrences is to make a basic kind of category-mistake. The nature of a personÂ’s motives may be defined by the actions and reactions of that person in various circumstances or situations. The nature of a person s motives in a particular situation may not necessarily be determined by any hidden mental processes or intellectual acts within that person. Motives may be revealed or explained by a personÂ’s behavior in a situation. Ryle criticizes the theory that the mind is a place where mental images are apprehended, perceived, or remembered. Sensations, thoughts, and feelings do not belong to a mental world distinct from the physical world. Knowledge, memory, imagination, and other abilities or dispositions do not reside within the mind as if the mind were a space in which these dispositions could be situated or located. Furthermore, dispositions are not the same as behavioral actions; actions may, however, be explained by dispositions. Dispositions are neither visible nor hidden, because they are not in the same logical category as behavioral actions. Dispositions are not mental processes or intellectualShow MoreRelatedEssay on Gilbert Ryle’s The Concept of Mind1107 Words   |  5 PagesGilbert Ryle’s The Concept of Mind Gilbert Ryle’s The Concept of Mind (1949) is a critique of the notion that the mind is distinct from the body, and is a rejection of the philosophical theory that mental states are distinct from physical states. Ryle argues that the traditional approach to the relation of mind and body (i.e., the approach which is taken by the philosophy of Descartes) assumes that there is a basic distinction between Mind and Matter. According to Ryle, this assumption is aRead MoreDescartes Teachings On Dualism977 Words   |  4 Pages To understand how the dualist commits a category mistake, one must first understand Descartes’ teachings on dualism from the Meditations on First Philosophy. Firstly, Descartes sees the mind as an immaterial, non-physical soul. He believes that his thoughts can be altered but he can never be tricked into the thinking that he is thinking when he is not. While he has complete faith in the existence of his mind, he doubts the existence of his body and the existence of other people s minds. The reasonRead MoreThe Theory Of The Mind And Matter1023 Words   |  5 PagesMind Matter Gilbert Ryle’s writing Descartes Myth provides a challenge to the â€Å"official theory† of the mind. The â€Å"official theory† of the mind is defined as the separation of the mind and body. Ryle describes the separation of the mind and body as the mind existing apart from the physical world and the body existing in the world. He writes that the two entities, the mind and body, combine to create a person. The â€Å"official theory† of the mind views the mind as private to the individual, meaningRead MoreEssay on Cartesian Dualism and Gilbert Ryle1899 Words   |  8 Pages Gilbert Ryle is well known in the philosophical world specifically as a behaviorist. According to Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy behaviorist are â€Å"followers in the ‘ordinary language’ tradition of analytic philosophy, while, for the most part, regarding behavioral scientific hopes as vain, hold views that are, in other respects, strongly behaviorists†(Hause r 1). In the middle of the twentieth century the ordinary language behaviorist movement was strongly covered by Ryle and Wittgenstein. TheseRead MoreThe Mind Body Problem, By Rene Descartes Essay1331 Words   |  6 Pages Mind-Body Problem Oluwadamilola Kamson Philosophy 101: Introduction to Philosophy November 2016 INTRODUCTION The Mind-body problem dates back to Plato and was well received by the scholastic philosophers. However, it was Rene Descartes the famous French philosopher, mathematician, and scientist. The mind-body problem is not, of course, a single problem at all, but a large collection of problems which focuses upon the fundamental issue of reality and knowledge in so far as such analysisRead MoreThe Theory Of The Mind Body Dualism1232 Words   |  5 PagesRenà © Descartes was a French mathematician, scientist, and philosopher of the 16th Century, who, according to the Encyclopedia Britannica, â€Å"was one of the first to abandon scholastic Aristotelianism and created the first version of the modern mind-body dualism or emotion† (Encyclopedia Britannica). Born on March 31, 1596, he was dubbed as the Father of Modern Philosophy. His theory on the mind-body dualism, also known as Cartesian Dualism, created a stem of the modern problem of the relationship betweenRead More Gilbert Ryles The Concept of Mind Essay2412 Words   |  10 PagesGilbert Ryles The Concept of Mind In The Concept of Mind Gilbert Ryle attempts, in his own words, to explode the myth of Cartesian dualism. His primary method in this endeavour is to explain why it is a logical error to describe minds and bodies with semantically similar language; while secondarily, he proposes that even to speak of minds as a second-order ontology is to take the first step in the wrong direction towards intellectual clarity. Thus, with the desire to arrive at this hypotheticalRead MoreThe Mind And Body Problem1443 Words   |  6 Pagesevidentially obvious than knowing the brain state of a patient or if they have a Cartesian soul or not. Doctor 4 provides the argument that since the patient is behaviourally indistinguishable from a normal human, she has the usual range of mental states. Gilbert Ryle’s view on the mind and body problem stems from â€Å"Philosophical or logical behaviourism† (Wk. 8-1, Slide 18). This view means that the idea that ascriptions of mental states correlates to â€Å"dispositions of behaviour† (Wk. 8-1, Slide 18). BehaviouristsRead MoreEssay on The Philosophy of Cognitive Science2158 Words   |  9 Pagesbeen insistently discussed in the philosophical tradition and several solutions have been proposed. Such solutions are properly philosophical or require a scientific approach. First, I will expound the philosophical solution to the MBP proposed by Descartes, to be followed by an exposition of Ryles criticisms to the solution. Second, from Ryles criticism, I will deduce a scientific solution to the MBP related to the neural framework model of mind in cognitive science b y means of what I call the principleRead MoreEssay on Life After Death Analysis2110 Words   |  9 Pagesa Mr Gilbert Ryle. In 1949 when psychology was a young and nubile science, seen (as all new sciences are seen) to hold the Holy Grail to understanding the human mind, Ryle published â€Å"The Concept Of The Mind†. In this he dismissed the soul as a category mistake, or a misuse of language. He even went so far as to coin a scornful phrase for his nemesis â€Å"the ghost in the machine† – a beautifully elegant term as it embodies both his belief of the body/mind (as for Ryle, the

The Herbert Hoover The First President Born West Of The...

HERBERT HOOVER Manav Verma US 1 Academic February 10, 2016 Knapp ` Herbert Hoover was born on August 10, 1874, in West Branch, Iowa, and was the first president born west of the Mississippi River. He was academically successful and strived to be the best. He was a great candidate but his presidency was a failed one. The Great Depression is mostly to blame, as Hoover worked hard to get to his position and then watched his hard work leave as he lost the chance to be reelected. Hoover was born in a Quaker community, which he later left at the age of nine since his parents died. His father died first at the age of 34, in 1880, the cause was pneumonia and heart failure. And Hoover’s mother died died in 1884 of typhoid fever†¦show more content†¦President Warren G. Harding then asked Hoover to be his secretary of commerce, as did President Calvin Coolidge after him. In this role he was the driving force behind such projects as the St. Lawrence Seaway and the Hoover Dam(Hamilton). When President Coolidge decided not to run for another term, Herbert Hoover was nominated as the Republican candidate in 1928. He ran against New York governor Alfred E. Smith and won the position of president. During Hoover’s campaign, he famously said, â€Å"We in America today are nearer to the final triumph over poverty than ever before in the history of any land,† but a year later the stock market crash of 1929, also known as the Great Depression s truck, and the worst economic depression in American history was Hoover’s administration next problem(Hamilton). Most historians say this was the worst time for a new president to be elected because the Great Depression was too big on an obstacle for Hoover’s administration to get through(Hamilton). Hoover was elected in 1928 at 53 years old, he had won primaries in California,New Jersey, Massachusetts, and Maryland. His administration promised to keep lower taxes and a tax on imports and exports also known as a protective tariff. (Faushold). He also had the votes of most women as in this time it was a new right given to these women(History). But as he came into office Hoover started losing popularity, and that because of five words, a final triumph over poverty—wordsShow MoreRelatedHerbert Hoover : The First President Of The United States996 Words   |  4 PagesHour Mr. Parrott 30 Mar. 2015 Herbert Hoover Term Paper  ¨Freedom is the open window through which pours the sunlight of the human spirit and human dignity. ¨ (Herbert Hoover). Herbert Hoover did many things in his lifetime to change his country, and the future of the country for generations to come. Some background information on Herbert Hoover is that he was born in Iowa on August 10th, 1874, and was also the first president born west of the Mississippi River. Herbert s father died when he was sixRead MoreWill Mcclellan3/5/17. Herbert Hoover. Herbert Herbert Is874 Words   |  4 PagesMcClellan 3/5/17 Herbert Hoover Herbert Herbert is America’s 31st President and served between the years 1929-1933. He was president during some tough times such as the stock market crash of 1929 and the Great Depression. These were tough tasks for a president and since the Great Depression lasted so long, I don’t believe that he handled them very well so I believe that Herbert Hoover belongs in the hall of shame. Hoover became President in March, 1929. The stock market crashRead MoreLet’S Say That There Is A Problem With The Plumbing In1111 Words   |  5 PagesThis past election truly showed the country that anyone who meets the basic requirements to run for president can win. This was the absolute goal of those who built this country and should be continued as long as this country continues to grow. That all being said, some people are not the best equipped to do hold presidency or any other office in that matter. The basic requirements to run for president is not enough and anyone who thinks they are qualified need to be mature and experienced. To completelyRead MoreEssays for the American Pageant, 14th Ed.11068 Words   |  45 Pagesthere. The French had relatively small settlements in the St. Lawrence River valley, but exerted economic influence over vast expanses of the interior through trade and missionary activities. Because French economic power rivaled that of England, the English feared the French settlers more than those from the other countries, until the French colonies came under English rule in 1763. The Dutch originally controlled the Hudson River valley as a separate colony, but this had been absorbed by New YorkRead MoreThe Great Northwoods Essay7709 Words   |  31 Pages I felt that it should not be ignored. The first major exploration that bears particular relevance to the Nicolet National Forest begins with the exploits of James Cartier. A native of St. Malo, which lies in the north of France, Cartier is credited with the discovery of the river St. Lawrence and its gateway to the great lakes beyond. This, in turn, would open the door for expansion and the discovery of the entire Mississippi valley by Europeans. Charged to traverse the AtlanticRead MoreMonsanto: Better Living Through Genetic Engineering96204 Words   |  385 PagesYour lecturer or tutor will determine the speciï ¬ c approach you take. The approach we are presenting to you is a moderately structured framework. We divide our discussion of a moderately structured case analysis method framework into four sections. First, we describe the importance of understanding the skills active learners can acquire through effective use of the case analysis method. In the second section, we provide you with a process-oriented framework. This framework can be of value in your efforts

Is It Important For Organizations Help Experience A Total...

2.3 Limitations It is important for organizations to experience a total reset of their strategies and approach. Along these lines it can be very troublesome and cause a variety of issues to the business on the off chance that they are not prepared or prepared to do as such. It is fundamental for organizations to be extremely open to change and in addition impart in a valuable and open way with the end goal for continuous improvement to be actualized effectively. Since workers are a key some portion of continuous improvement prosperity, the organization needs to encourage a domain where representatives are not found to talk or hint at being regional. Another reason that continuous improvement can be incapable is that the new approach may,†¦show more content†¦EasyJet desires to be a business that draws in and holds the best individuals, values and advances differing qualities, and tries to bolster and build up its repre-sentatives by giving at work learning encounters. It is on the quality o f its kin that it will have the ca-pacity to meet the Company s desire to be Europe s preferred short-pull aircraft. The airline has a three-section individual’s methodology to help convey this such as at the gate, on board and able to fly. (Our people, 2017) 3.2 Application EasyJet is energetic about its kin and trust that the workers separate the organization from others. simple fly trusts that client confronting workers are the absolute best in the business and contribute altogether to the positive experience that our travellers appreciate, prompting to expanded reliability and rehash business. (EasyJet PLC, 2016) EasyJet operates under a corporate culture based on five values - Safety, Teamwork, Pioneering, Passionate and Integrity. People were recruited who live and breathe such ethos. Employees will undergo a thorough induction programme and training to under-stand that having the right skills, experience and culture is important to company s performance. Managers are continuously provided with high quality both technical and management skills devel-opment through partnering with leading universities. Communications with employees are held regu-larlyShow MoreRelated1. The 2013 Army Strategic Planning Guidance (Aspg) Describes1707 Words   |  7 P agesand in the future.† To guide this approach, the Army lists four imperatives that form the basis of the Army Campaign Plan: †¢ provide modernized and ready, tailored land force capabilities to meet combatant commanders’ requirements across the range of military operations; †¢ develop leaders to meet the challenges of the 21st century; †¢ adapt the Army to more effectively provide land power; and †¢ enhance the all-volunteer Army. Which imperative is the most important and why? 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Business Research for Business Adventure Tourism

Question: Describe about the Business Research for Business for Adventure Tourism. Answer: Introduction In the last few decades, the sports tourism has been increased its popularity in an significant fashion. The major interest regarding this particular adventure tourism is the various challenges, achievements along with associated enjoyments. Sports tourism can effectively increase the pools of greater amount of money as well as development of the regional areas. It has been observed that majority of the research conducted on the sports tourism has explored the importance of sports tourism. This article extensively evaluated the three journal articles in order to explore the methodological reviewing en an efficient fashion. The major factors that have been evaluated for each journal are overview of research study, overview of methodological approach, overview of research strategy, overview of the data collection method as well as implication of the research for the proposed research structure. Methodological review Journal 1 Hsu, M.C., 2013. The management of sports tourism: a causal modeling test of the Theory of Planned Behaviour.International Journal of Management,30(2), p.474. Overview of research study: According to the article, the sports industry in Taiwan has become increasingly popular in recent years. The particular article highlights the fact that over the past few decades the sports tourism has been providing many important functions for the regional development. On the other hand, the sports tourism has also facilitated different regions in enhancing the economic development of the nation in an efficient manner. With the involvement of the sports tourism, Taiwan could make huge job opportunities for the communal people. According to the article, the government of Taiwan could easily stimulate the economy of the country by involving the sports tourism. In this context, the particular study modifies the theory of the planned behavior of Ajzen (1985). The particular theory has been modified by implementing a model on the behavior intention for the sports tourists in the water recreational areas of kenting. Subsequently, the intention model of sports tourists was based on the data accumulated from various sources. The intention model has been discussed based on the water recreational areas of kenting. According to the article, the research findings in this study included the unswerving sways of dependent variables on the independent variables. Moreover, the research findings involve the important influence of approach and apparent behavior control on the behavioral objective. Overview of methodological approach: This particular research has been conducted on the basis of empirical research of the topic that regional development can be immensely influenced by the sports tourism. The sports tourism area has been chosen as water recreational activities. The research has been able to focus on behavioral intention, attitude, subjective norm as well as perceived behavioral control. The entire study has been focused on hypothesis testing. In order to analysis the data the research paper has chosen SPSS tools. Overview of research strategy: The study has been highly depended on the deductive approach for conducting the entire research activities. The descriptive design has immensely helped the research study to find out the impact of sports tourism on regional development. The study has immensely depended on the purposive sampling method for identifying the participants from the water recreational areas of Kenting. Overview of data collection methods: In order to conduct the data collection the study has distributed 400 copies of questionnaires to the water sports tourist. The survey was done anonymously so that any individual would not influence the data and the data security will be properly maintained. Ultimately, 290 tourists has been chosen as a sample population. Implications of research for the proposed research project: The study has been able to discern that the used research model has an extensive cross validation as well as stable consistency. In addition to that, it has been able to focus on attitude as well as perceived behavioral control factor is quite capable of influencing the engagement in sports tourism.. Journal 2 Lamont, M., 2014. Authentication in sports tourism.Annals of Tourism Research,45, pp.1-17. Overview of research study: This article emphasizes on the tourism and it states that tourism plays a crucial role in the development of the nations economy. The primary objective for the implementation of the tourism in a country is income creationalong with offering the travelers a great experience of the scenic beauty. The place that is considered in this article is the French Alps, which is a historically significant landscape. This article also emphasizes on the authenticity of the tourism that helps in reinforcing of the French Alps. Sports tourism also taken into consideration and it is stated that authenticity is inherent to the toured object and is based on two theories. The first theory is based on the evaluation whether toured objects are fake or real and the second theory is the feeling of existential sense. This authenticity can be categorized into three parts- objective constructive and existential. The objective authenticity signifies the genuineness of the objects. The constructive category values the social construction of the authenticity while the existential category evaluates the tourists perspective regarding their motivation and experience. This article also denotes the usefulness of existential authenticity in tourism studies and highlights the festival in the Texas. Moreover, authenticity in the tourism has two intersecting modes- hot and cool. The discussion of the article signifies that the cool authentication resembles that an object is real and original while the hot authentication on the other hand is a self-reinforcing process in which the genuineness of the sites is constantly perpetuated. It is also found from the article that hot authentication lacks an authorized agent that evaluates the authentication the tourism. Overview of methodological approach: According to the evaluation of research article, it can be easily observed that exploratory and descriptive study have been selected for conducting the research. The research article has been extensively focused on empirical study of the sports tourism. The post-positivism research philosophy has been chosen for the most suitable for this particular research study. The research has been able to deduce the multiple dimensions of the existential authenticity experiencing logically. Overview of research strategy: According to the evaluation of research article, it can be easily observed that exploratory and descriptive study have been selected for conducting the research. The major strategy has been focused on the research strategy, which is analysis of the level of authenticity of the sports tourism participation. Overview of data collection methods: The research article has been focused on collecting the data from the primary sources. The primary data has been collected from the interview of tour members. The interviews have been conducted through face-to-face semi-structured approach. There have been lots of means of conducting the interviews, which have been one-one-one, in pair as well as telephone interviews. Implications of research for the proposed research project: The research has been able to discuss three major social process categories in order to reflect authentication practices. These processes are mediation of touristic encounters with place, collective roadside practices as well as embodied athletic performances. The research work has been successfully able to contribute empirical insights. It has extensively established the significance of French Alps as a authentic sporting place. Journal 3 Morgan, D., Moore, K. and Mansell, R., 2005. Adventure tourists on water: Linking expectations, affect, achievement and enjoyment to the sports tourism adventure.Journal of sport tourism,10(1), pp.73-88. Overview of research study: The article focuses on to analyze different factors related to adventure tourism in sea kayaking and white-water rafting. The article focuses on to analyze competence and post adventure risks and its impact on the development of water tourism. As per the article, people possess different level of perception regarding expectation of likelihood injury and kind of adventure that an individual or particular group can have thorough availing water tourism services. In fact, the article analyzes the differences the sources of enjoyment through sea kayaking and water adventure rafting that people utilize in order to enjoy water tourism to the fullest. As highlighted by the article, adventure tourists nature of activity are divided into many categories like daring thrill seekers, fearless thrill seekers, competence testers and eco seekers. As highlighted by the article, a range of elements can influence experience regarding adventures in the dynamic tourism activities. However, these influences will be based on previous expectations, experiences and perception of risks. The article highlighted that it is important to evaluate all the factors in such a way so that it can able to evaluate the kind of impact it can have to the tourism development perspectives. The article has also describes a model regarding the development of adventure tourism development which will include both before and after perception of the people regarding the adventure activities. The article has utilized this model to evaluate the psychological differences of the people at different stages of availing adventure activities. Thus, it will help tourism development authorities to identify the challenges regarding the kind of adventure water activities. It has been analyzed that psychological experience can have major impact on the development of adventure water tourisms. The article has also highlighted the significance of the evaluation of unpleasant dimension related to water adventure tourists activities. The article has mentioned that the popularity of the adventure water-based tourism has to be developed in such a way so that perceived risks of the people regarding any unexpected injury can be minimized in an appropriate way. The article has also mentioned that water-based activities heavily depend on verifiable validity and reliability in a major way. Overview of methodological approach: After evaluating the entire study, it can be easily discerned that the article has followed post-positivism research philosophy. The article has conducted a structured empirical method to deduce the truth about the current situation logically. It has been majorly focused on predict and control the risk condition based on the patterns of the adventure outcomes. The research article has been also able to use deductive approach in a proper fashion. The research article has been focused on testing the adventure tourism experience in terms of risk aspects. The major approaches of analyzing the data are exploratory analysis using non-random convenience sampling technique. The major variables that have been focused are safety, environment, economic, as well as adventures. Overview of research strategy: It has been identified from the evaluated analysis of the article that the study has used the exploratory design in order to explore the dynamic nature of adventure tourism as well as the relation between adventure tourism experience and risk occurrences. The major strategy has been focused on the research strategy, which is analysis of the adventure tourism experiences. Overview of data collection methods: This particular strategy has been focused on collecting the data from primary sources. The 73 white water rafting activist as well as sea-kayakers have been chosen for the research work. In order to collect the data identical self-administered questionnaires have been chosen. The major data have been collected regarding several major areas, which are expectations, challenge level, affect, achievement as well as enjoyment. Implications of research for the proposed research project Therefore, it is evident that the research work would be most effective for the adventure tourists. The high adventure tourists would be highly aroused, enjoyed, motivated due to the challenge presented by the setting. The arousal level of participants would be highly depended on the perceptions of the risk. Conclusion The above described research article has been successfully evaluated three major general articles for identifying the importance of the sports tourism as well as methodological trends of the research studies. In this context, the major factors that have been evaluated for each journal are overview of research study, overview of methodological approach, overview of research strategy, and overview of the data collection method as well as implication of the research for the proposed research structure. It has been identified that sports tourism can effectively increase the pools of greater amount of money as well as development of the regional areas. It has been observed that majority of the research conducted on the sports tourism has explored the importance of sports tourism. Reference list Hsu, M.C., 2013. The management of sports tourism: a causal modeling test of the Theory of Planned Behaviour.International Journal of Management,30(2), p.474. Lamont, M., 2014. Authentication in sports tourism.Annals of Tourism Research,45, pp.1-17. Morgan, D., Moore, K. and Mansell, R., 2005. Adventure tourists on water: Linking expectations, affect, achievement and enjoyment to the sports tourism adventure.Journal of sport tourism,10(1), pp.73-88.