Blood pressure Essay

Question unity high decline pressure (in addition to a tote up of medical frames) may be considered as primary or secondary. rationalise these concepts heavy(a) three examples of secondary hypertension and their pathophysiology. or so of the conditions that convey secondary hypertension contend the over takings of one and only(a) of the bodys endocrines. Some of the medical problems that offer ready secondary hypertension includeKidney disease. substitute hypertension is related to dam historic periodd kidneys or to an ab normal change of one or both renal arteries. The renal arteries argon the major note vessels that bring line of merchandise to each kidney. When the kidneys pargonnthood add to retrieveher is reduced by a narrowing (called renal arteria stenosis), the kidney produces high levels of a hormone called renin. eminent levels of renin trigger the production of other substances in the body that house melodic line oblige, particularly a mite called angiotensin II.Adrenal disease. The supr atomic number 18nal gland glands tease on top of the kidneys and produce some(prenominal) hormones that help regulate consanguinity military press. Sometimes, one or both adrenal glands rat and secrete an excess of one of these hormones. cardinal different types of adrenal gland conditions cause high extraction impelPheochromocytoma. A tumour of the adrenal gland that farms the hormones epinephrin (adrenalin) and norepinephrine (noradrenalin). Hyperaldosteronism ( overly called Conns syndrome). Both adrenal glands laughingstock overproduce the salt-retaining hormone aldosterone or it can vacate in a benign adrenal tumour. Hypercortisolism (also called Cushings syndrome). Both adrenal glands can overproduce the hormone cortisol or it can arise in a benign or malignant tumour.Hyperparathyroidism. A hormone called parathormone is made by four tiny glands in the fuck called parathyroid glands. If the glands produce too much hormon e, calcium levels in the rakehell increase. nation with hyperparathyroidism are more(prenominal) likely to postulate high blood squeeze. The exact occasion for this association is not known.Question bothRoger was a symptomatic and only came in for a check up. Why is it important for this silent disease to be detect and appropriately treated?As blood feeds by means of arteries it pushes against the at embrace of the artery walls. The more crush the blood exerts on the artery walls, the higher the blood thrust leave be. The size of small arteries also affects the blood pressure. When the muscular walls of arteries are relaxed, or dilated, the pressure of the blood flowing through them is deject than when the artery walls narrow, or entreat. slant pressure is highest when the substance beats to push blood out into the arteries. When the centre of attention relaxes to fill with blood again, the pressure is at its lowest point. Blood pressure when the vegetable marro w beats is called systolic pressure. Blood pressure when the heart is at rest is called diastolic pressure. When blood pressure is measured, the systolic pressure is stated send-off and the diastolic pressure second. Blood pressure is measured in millimeters of mercury (mm Hg). For example, if a persons systolic pressure is 120 and diastolic pressure is 80, it is write as 120/80 mm Hg. The American Heart Association has capacious considred blood pressure less(prenominal) than cxl over 90 normal for adults. However, the topic Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute in Bethesda, physician released new clinical guidelines for blood pressure in 2003, lowering the standard normal readings. A normal reading was bring down to less than 120 over less than 80.Hypertension is a major health problem, especially because it has no symptoms. Many mickle take hypertension without knowing it. In the United States, about 50 meg people age six and sometime(a) have high blood pressure. Hypertensi on is more common in hands than women and in people over the age of 65 than in younger persons. more than than half of all Americans over the age of 65 have hypertension. It also is more common in African-Americans than in blanched Americans. Hypertension is serious because people with the condition have a higher bump for heart disease and other medical problems than people with normal blood pressure. sober complications can be avoided by acquiring regular blood pressure checks and treating hypertension as soon as it is diagnosed.If left hand untreated, hypertension can lead to the chase medical conditions induration of the arteries, also called atherosclerosis heart attack stroke enlarged heart kidney damage.Arteriosclerosis is hardening of the arteries. The walls of arteries have a layer of muscle and elastic waver that draws them flexible and able to dilate and constrict as blood flows through them. High blood pressure can cast off the artery walls thicken and harden. When artery walls thicken, the inside of the blood vessel narrows. Cholesterol and fats are more likely to public figure up on the walls of damaged arteries, making them level(p) narrower. Blood clots also can get trapped in narrowed arteries, auction block the flow of blood.Arteries narrowed by arteriosclerosis may not deliver ample blood to reed organs and other tissues. cut or blocked blood flow to the heart can cause a heart attack. If an artery to the brain is blocked, a stroke can result. Hypertension makes the heart work harder to pump blood through the body. The extra workload can make the heart muscle thicken and stretch. When the heart becomes too enlarged it cannot pump replete blood. If the hypertension is not treated, the heart may fail.The kidneys remove the bodys wastes from the blood. If hypertension thickens the arteries to the kidneys, less waste can be filtered from the blood. As the condition worsens, the kidneys fail and wastes build up in the blood. Dial ysis or a kidney transplant are needed when the kidneys fail. about(predicate) 25% of people who receive kidney dialysis have kidney visitation caused by hypertension.Question common chordThe renin-angiotensin scheme plays a central section in blood pressure regulation. Explain the renin-angiotensin placement with reference to Conns syndrome.The Renin-angiotensin-Aldosterone System is a hormone system that regulates BP and changeful balance.When blood volume is low, the juxtaglomerular cells in the kidneys secrete Renin directly into circulation. Plasma Renin converts a polypeptide called Angiotensinogen, which is secreted from Liver into Angiotensin I, which in distort is converted to Angiotensin II (or ATII) by the enzyme called ACE (Angiotensin converting enzyme) found in the lungs.It so happens that Angiotensin II is a steadfast vaso-active peptide that causes blood vessels to constrict, resulting in increased blood pressure. Angiotensin II also stimulates the discrimi nation of the hormone Aldosterone from Adrenal mantle. Aldosterone causes the tubules of the kidneys to increase the reabsorption of sodium and water into the blood. This increases the volume of fluid in the body, which also increases blood pressure.If the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system is too active, blood pressure provide be too high.There are many drugs that interrupt different travel in this system to lower blood pressure. These drugs are one of the main ways to control HBP, heart failure, renal failure and the harmful effects of Diabetes.Angiotensin II is degraded to angiotensin trio by angiotensinases located in red blood cells and the vascular beds of approximately tissues. Angiotensin III has 40% of the pressor action of ATII, precisely 100% of the aldosterone-producing activity of ATII.Angiotensin II has autocrine, paracrine and endocrine actions on different systemscardiovascular effectsAT II is the most powerful vasopressor known, constricting both arteries and veins. Myocyte crop is stimulated through a local tissue RAAS. The same system can be activated in the swimming muscle cells in conditions of HTN or endothelial damage thus contributing to and accelerating the cultivate of Atherosclerosis.Neurological effectsATII increases the thirst brilliance by directly stimulating the Subfornical organ of the brain (Dipsogenic action). AT II also decreases the response of Baroreceptor reflex. ATII increases secretions of both ADH and adrenocorticotrophin besides stimulating postganglionic consonant fibers to secrete Noradrenaline. Adrenal effectsAngiotensin II acts on the Adrenal cortex causing it to release Aldosterone, a hormone that causes the kidneys to retain sodium and lose potassium.